By Father Bob 
Bunions, medically known as hallux valgus, are a common foot deformity that affects the joint at the base of the big toe. They can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty with footwear, often leading individuals to seek medical attention. Understanding what causes bunions and why they develop is the first step toward effective prevention and treatment.
What Is a Bunion?
A bunion is a bony bump that forms on the side of the foot at the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint—where the big toe meets the foot. Over time, this joint becomes misaligned, causing the big toe to angle towards the second toe. This deformity gradually worsens if left untreated and can lead to chronic pain and limited mobility.
Causes of Bunions
1. Inherited Foot Structure
The most significant risk factor for developing bunions is heredity. People who inherit certain foot types—such as flat feet, overly flexible joints, or abnormal bone structure—are more likely to develop bunions over time. If bunions run in the family, there’s a higher chance of experiencing them, even in the absence of other risk factors.
2. Poor Footwear Choices
Wearing shoes that are too narrow, tight, or have high heels can contribute to bunion formation or worsen existing ones. These shoes force the toes into an unnatural position, placing pressure on the MTP joint and accelerating joint misalignment.
3. Foot Mechanics and Overpronation
Abnormal foot function, such as overpronation (where the foot rolls inward excessively while walking), places extra stress on the big toe joint. Over time, this biomechanical imbalance can lead to bunion development.
4. Arthritis and Joint Conditions
Rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory joint diseases can weaken the MTP joint, making it more susceptible to bunions. In some cases, trauma to the foot can also disrupt the normal alignment of the toe joint.
5. Occupational or Lifestyle Factors
People who spend long hours on their feet, especially in unsupportive footwear, are more prone to bunion formation. Occupations that require standing or walking on hard surfaces may contribute to foot strain and structural changes.
Why Bunions Develop Over Time
Bunions are progressive—they typically develop slowly over the years. What begins as slight discomfort or a minor deviation in toe alignment can gradually evolve into a prominent, painful deformity. Without intervention, the joint continues to shift, and associated symptoms like corns, calluses, and joint stiffness may arise. The longer bunions are left unaddressed, the more challenging they are to treat conservatively.
Signs and Symptoms of Bunions
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A visible bump on the side of the big toe
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Redness, swelling, or tenderness around the joint
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Restricted toe movement
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Pain or discomfort when walking
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Difficulty wearing shoes due to pressure on the bunion
Treatment Options for Bunions
Non-Surgical Treatments
In many cases, bunions can be managed without surgery, especially in their early stages. Bunion treatment Highgate aims to relieve symptoms, reduce inflammation, and prevent further progression.
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Footwear modifications: Wearing wide-toe box shoes and avoiding high heels or pointed toes
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Orthotic devices: Custom or over-the-counter inserts to improve alignment and relieve pressure
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Padding and taping: Protecting the bunion from friction and supporting proper foot alignment
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Anti-inflammatory medications: NSAIDs like ibuprofen can reduce swelling and discomfort
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Ice therapy: Applying ice packs to alleviate pain and inflammation after activity
Surgical Treatments
If conservative methods are ineffective and the bunion significantly interferes with daily activities, surgical intervention may be considered. The goal of bunion surgery is to realign the joint, relieve pain, and restore function.
Common surgical options include:
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Osteotomy: Cutting and repositioning the bone
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Arthrodesis: Fusing the joint to correct severe deformity
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Lapidus procedure: Realigning and stabilising the midfoot joint
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Minimally invasive bunion surgery: Smaller incisions and faster recovery time
Surgery is typically recommended only after thorough consultation with a podiatrist or orthopaedic surgeon, particularly if the bunion affects mobility or quality of life.
Conclusion
Bunions are not simply the result of poor footwear—they are often linked to inherited foot structure and mechanical imbalances. While they may develop slowly, early bunion treatment Norwood and proper management can help minimise pain and slow progression. For those experiencing persistent discomfort, a combination of non-surgical treatments and professional care can make a significant difference. In more advanced cases, surgical correction may offer lasting relief and improved foot function.
